PMC

Theoretical mechanism of cavitation (joint sound) production. A = Posterior view of zygapophysial (Z) joints (right Z joint in box). B = Parasagittal section of Z joint showing Z joint synovial folds. C = Z joint adhesions developing in hypomobile joint. D = Therapeutic gapping (separation) of Z joint articulating facets breaking up adhesions while a cavitation (pop) is created.

Group mean and standard error for relative joint power in hip (square), knee (diamond) and ankle (circle) joint at Int₅₅, Int₈₅ and Int_LT. Filled marker indicate FCC. * indicate a difference in joint power from previous cadence for the hip and knee joints. Daggers indicate a difference in the mean relative joint power from previous intensity.

Group mean and standard error for total joint power in hip (square), knee (diamond) and ankle (circle) joint at Int₅₅, Int₈₅ and Int_LT. Filled marker indicate FCC. * indicate a difference in joint power from previous cadence for the hip and knee joints. Daggers indicate a difference in the mean total joint power from previous intensity.

TLR4-mediated IL-12 production enhances joint IFN-γ and IL-1β production in antibody-induced arthritis. (A and C) Spleen cells from WT or interleukin(IL)-12Rβ₂^-/- mice were stimulated with LPS and/or recombinant IL-12, and amounts of IFN-γ and IL-1β were measured in the culture fraction by ELISA. (B) Intracellular T-bet expression was measured in joint cells from WT mice, some of which had been stimulated with LPS and/or recombinant IL-12, by flow cytometry. In addition, spleen cells from TLR4^-/- mice were stimulated with LPS and/or recombinant IL-12. (D) Joint cells from WT mice with antibody-induced arthritis were stimulated with LPS and/or recombinant IL-12. Western blotting was performed to measure amounts of pro-IL-1β in these joint cells as compared with β-actin levels. The results shown are representative of three repeated independent experiments. n.s. not significant; * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.